Management of inflammatory cardiopulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) refers to a group of serious manifestations, with a high prevalence for some, such as pericarditis and pleuritis, and high mortality in others, such as lupus myocarditis (LM) and diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH). There is a paucity of systematic literature reviews on the management of inflammatory cardiopulmonary manifestations in SLE. We aimed to assess the available evidence in this area. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted from January 1990 to June 2025 using keywords related to the cardiac and pulmonary systems, SLE, and treatments. Manifestations related to atherosclerosis or anti-phospholi..